গর্ভপাতের কারণ ও লক্ষণ যদি একজন নারীর জানা থাকে তাহলে এটি অনেকটাই প্রতিরোধ করা যায়। জানেন তো prevention is better than cure প্রবাদটি এমনিতে এতো জনপ্রিয় হয় নি! চলুন জেনে নিই গর্ভপাতের কারণ ও লক্ষণ এবং এর প্রতিরোধ ও চিকিৎসা ব্যবস্থা নিয়ে বিস্তারিত…
গর্ভপাতের কারণ
বৈজ্ঞানিক গবেষণায় এটা দেখা যায় যে প্রথম তিন মাসে যে বাচ্চাগুলো নষ্ট হয় বা গর্ভপাত হয়, সেগুলোর শতকরা ৭০-৮০ ভাগ ক্ষেত্রে ভ্রূণটিতে সমস্যা থাকে। আর হয়তো ২০ ভাগ ক্ষেত্রে মায়ের শরীরে কোনো সমস্যা থাকে। আবার যদি ১২ সপ্তাহ থেকে ২৮ সপ্তাহ অর্থাৎ দ্বিতীয় তিন মাসে যদি কোনো বাচ্চা নষ্ট হয়, তাহলে শতকরা ৫০ ভাগ ক্ষেত্রে বাচ্চার সমস্যা থাকতে পারে, অথবা ৫০ ভাগ ক্ষেত্রে মায়ের কোনো কারণে হয়তো বাচ্চাটি নষ্ট হচ্ছে। আবার শেষের দিকে ২৮ সপ্তাহের পরে যদি পেটে বাচ্চা মারা যায়, কিংবা অকালে গর্ভপাত হয়, তাহলে বেশির ভাগ ক্ষেত্রে সমস্যাটা মায়ের শরীরে থাকে। বিভিন্ন কারণে গর্ভপাত হতে পারে যেমন-
সবথেকে যে কারণে বেশি গর্ভপাত হয়ে থাকে তা হল শুক্রাণু বা ডিম্বাণুর ক্রোমোজমাল বা গঠনগত কোন ত্রুটি।
সার্ভিকাল ইনকম্পিটেন্স বা জরায়ুর মুখ যদি ভ্রূণকে জরায়ুর ভেতর ঠিকভাবে ধরে না রাখতে পারে।
গর্ভাবস্থায় যদি মায়ের রক্তচাপ অনেক বেড়ে যায় তবে ভ্রূণেরও রক্তচাপ বেড়ে গিয়ে গর্ভপাত হতে পারে।
গর্ভবতী মায়ের যদি আগে থেকেই ডায়াবেটিস থেকে থাকে এবং তা যদি অনিয়ন্ত্রিত থাকে তবে অনেক সময় গর্ভপাত হতে পারে।
যদি মা গুরুতরভাবে ম্যালেরিয়া, সিফিলিস, হাম বা কলেরা রোগে আক্রান্ত হন তবে এর জীবাণুর কারণে গর্ভপাত হতে পারে।
মায়ের যদি থাইরয়েড-এর সমস্যা থাকে তাহলে ভ্রূণের বিকাশে ব্যাঘাত ঘটে গর্ভপাত হতে পারে।
গর্ভাবস্থায় মা যদি প্রচন্ড মানসিক দুশ্চিন্তা বা কষ্টে থাকেন তখন ভ্রূণের হৃদস্পন্দনের ভারসাম্যহীনতার কারণে গর্ভপাত হতে পারে।
গর্ভাবস্থায় পড়ে গিয়ে পেটে প্রচন্ড আঘাত পেলে কিংবা ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ ভ্রমণের কারণে গর্ভপাত হতে পারে।
গর্ভপাতের ঝুঁকিতে রয়েছেন কারা?
যাদের এর আগে দুই বা ততোধিক বার গর্ভপাত হয়েছে।
মায়ের বয়স যদি ৩৫ বা তার বেশী হয়। বয়স বাড়ার সাথে সাথে গর্ভপাতের ঝুঁকিও বাড়তে থাকে।
মা যদি সিগারেট, অ্যালকোহল বা অন্য কোনও নেশায় আসক্ত থাকেন, তাহলেও ঘটে যেতে পারে অনাকাঙ্ক্ষিত গর্ভপাত।
মা যদি গর্ভাবস্থায় কোন ক্ষতিকর ক্যামিকেল-এর সংস্পর্শে আসে তবে গর্ভপাতের ঘটনা ঘটতে পারে।
মায়ের শরীরে যদি অতিরিক্ত চর্বি থাকে এবং মায়ের বডি ম্যাস ইন্ডেক্স যদি ৩০ বা তার বেশী হয় তাহলে গর্ভপাতের ঝুঁকি বেশী থাকে।
এছাড়াও পলিসিস্টিক ওভারি সিনড্রোম-এর কারণেও গর্ভপাতের ঝুঁকি বাড়তে পারে।
গর্ভপাতের লক্ষণ
গর্ভধারণ করার ৭-১০ দিনের মাথায় ইমপ্লান্টেসন-এর কারণে কিছু রক্তপাত হয়। এটা স্বাভাবিক। এই রক্তের পরিমাণ অনেক কম থাকে, এমনকি নরমাল মাসিকে যে রক্ত যায়, তার চেয়েও কম। তবে অতিরিক্ত রক্ত গেলে অবশ্যই ডাক্তারের সাথে যোগাযোগ করবেন। গর্ভধারণের পর অস্বাভাবিক রক্তস্রাব গর্ভপাতের প্রধান লক্ষণ। গর্ভপাতের সময় রক্তপাতের পরিমাণ সাধারণ পিরিয়ড বা ঋতুস্রাবের চেয়ে বেশি হয়। তলপেটে ব্যথাও হতে পারে। অনেক সময় রক্তের সাথে মাংসল চাকার মতো বের হতে পারে। শুরুতে রক্তপাত অল্প থাকে, কিন্তু ক্রমশ বাড়তে থাকে এবং তার পরেই রক্তপিন্ড বের হতে থাকে।
গর্ভপাতের পর চিকিৎসা ব্যবস্থা কি?
গর্ভপাত হলে প্রথম করণীয় হলো রক্তক্ষরণ বন্ধ করা এবং গর্ভপাত পরবর্তী ইনফেকশন প্রতিরোধ করা। যদি গর্ভধারণের প্রাথমিক পর্যায়ে গর্ভপাত হয় তবে গর্ভের সমস্ত ফিটাল টিস্যু এমনিতেই বের হয়ে যায়। কিন্তু ভ্রূণ ও প্লাসেন্টার সকল অংশ স্বয়ংক্রিয়ভাবে বের হয়ে না গেলে অপারেশন করে বের করে ফেলতে হবে। তবে অপারেশনের পরও রক্তস্রাব পর্যবেক্ষণে রাখতে হবে। কোনো কারণে রক্তস্রাবের পরিমাণ বেড়ে গেলে কিংবা জ্বর এলে অবশ্যই চিকিৎসকের পরামর্শ নিতে হবে।
গর্ভপাত প্রতিরোধের উপায়সমূহ কি কি?
গর্ভাবস্থার প্রথম ৩ মাস ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ। তাই এ সময় যেকোনো মাকে একটু সাবধানে থাকতে হবে। ভারী কাজ করা ও সহবাস থেকে বিরত থাকতে হবে। পূর্বে কোনো রোগের ইতিহাস থাকলে ডাক্তারকে জানাতে হবে। পুর্বে একাধিকবার গর্ভপাত হয়ে থাকলে পুনরায় গর্ভধারণের আগে ফিজিক্যাল চেকআপ করিয়ে নিন এবং ডাক্তারের পরামর্শ নিন। পূর্বের গর্ভপাতের কারণ জানতে চেষ্টা করুন। পরবর্তীতে যাতে একই কারণের পূনরাবৃত্তি না হয় সেদিকে খেয়াল রাখতে হবে। প্রয়োজন ছাড়া দীর্ঘ ভ্রমণ করা যাবে না। প্রচুর পানি পান করতে হবে।
ডাক্তারের পরামর্শ অনুযায়ী ফলিক এসিড, আয়রন ও ক্যালসিয়াম সাপ্লিমেন্ট গ্রহণ করুন। এটি বাচ্চার জন্মগত ত্রুটি হওয়ার প্রবণতাকে কমিয়ে দেয় এবং গর্ভপাতের ঝুঁকি কমায়। এছাড়া ধূমপান, অ্যালকোহল, ক্যাফেইন জাতীয় পানীয় যেমন চা, কফি বা চকলেট এবং মানসিক চাপের সাথে গর্ভপাতের সর্ম্পক রয়েছে। তাই এগুলো এড়িয়ে চলা উচিত। গর্ভাবস্থায় বেশি সতর্ক থাকতে হয় ওষুধ সেবনের ক্ষেত্রে। কারণ অনেক ওষুধ এমন আছে যার ফলে গর্ভের সন্তানের সরাসরি ক্ষতি সাধিত হয়। শিশু বিকলাঙ্গ, বুদ্ধি প্রতিবন্ধী হতে পারে। অনেক সময় ওষুধ সেবনের ফলে মৃত সন্তানের জন্মও হতে পারে। তাই ওষুধ সেবনের আগে সতর্ক থাকতে হবে এবং চিকিৎসকের পরামর্শ ছাড়া ওষুধ খাওয়া যাবে না।
To download YouTube videos to a Windows PC, start by downloading and installing 4K Video Downloader. This versatile software is completely free, and can download whole playlists, as well as 360-degree and 3D videos. When it’s done, check the box marked ‘Launch’ and click ‘Finish’.
Once you’ve copied the video’s URL from your browser, click the green ‘Paste’ button in 4K Video Downloader (Image credit: OpenMedia LLC)
2. Copy and paste the video URL
Open your web browser, find the video you want to download from YouTube and copy its URL from the address bar. Then return to 4K Video Downloader and click the green ‘Paste Link’ button at the top left.
The software will retrieve information about the video and give you a choice of quality options. These will vary depending on the quality of the original video, but the software can download YouTube videos in 4K if it’s available.
The download options will vary depending on the quality of the original video on YouTube (Image credit: OpenMedia LLC)
3. Choose the quality and format
4K Video Downloader will allow you to download whole YouTube videos, or just rip the audio. Choose your preferred selection using the drop-down menu on the left, then choose a format using the menu on the right. We prefer MP4 for our videos, because it gives a good balance of quality and file size – and will play on basically every device.
Then, choose your quality. For playing back video on your TV or PC, we recommend picking the highest resolution, but bear in mind that this will take longer and will take up more space. Luckily, you can check the estimated file size on the left to see how much space it will take.
You can also choose where the downloaded video should be saved using the ‘Browse’ button at the bottom. Once you’re happy, click ‘Download’.
When you download an individual video, 4K Video Downloader will give you the option of downloading the entire channel (Image credit: OpenMedia LLC)
4. Download the YouTube video
The YouTube video will now be downloaded for you. If there are other videos in the creator’s channel, 4K Video Downloader will ask whether you want to download those as well. It can download up to 24 videos at once.
Once the video has finished downloading, you can find it in the destination folder, or right-click it in 4K Video Downloader and select ‘Play’. Unless you adjust the settings, the video will stay in this list until you choose to remove it – even if you close and restart the software.
With Smart Mode, you can download YouTube Videos with a single click. It saves your settings so you don’t have to re-enter them each time (Image credit: OpenMedia LLC)
5. Try Smart Mode
If you often download videos in the same format, check out Smart Mode. This saves your download preferences and loads them automatically. Click the lightbulb icon at the top right and next time you paste a URL into 4K Video Downloader, it will be downloaded instantly with the last settings you used.
DOWNLOAD YOUTUBE VIDEOS TO AN ANDROID DEVICE
You can’t download TubeMate from the Google Play Store, so you’ll need to download the APK (Image credit: Devian Studio)
1. Install TubeMate
TubeMate is one of the most popular tool for downloading YouTube videos on Android smartphones, and with good reason: it’s really easy to use and has the features you need without any bells and whistles you don’t.
The TubeMate video downloader isn’t available on the Google Play Store (Google isn’t too keen on YouTube downloaders), so first of all you’ll need to allow your Android device to install and run apps downloaded from other places. Be cautious when you turn on this setting, as you’ll want to make sure you only download apps you know are safe.
Open up ‘Settings’ and go to ‘Security’. Scroll down and next to where it says ‘Unknown sources’, tap the toggle to turn this setting on. Now, on your Android device visit the TubeMate YouTube Downloader website and select one of the verified sites to download it from.
TubeMate looks much like the official YouTube app. Search for the video you want and start playing (Image credit: Devian Studio)
2. Choose a video to download
You might see a warning message about downloading APK files, so click ‘OK’ to allow it. Once TubeMate has downloaded, run the file and tap ‘Install’, then tap ‘Open’. You’ll then be informed which permissions the video downloader needs to run. If you’re happy to proceed, let it go ahead and the app will launch.
TubeMate looks much like the official YouTube Android app, with a black background. Search for a video and begin playing it, then tap the red ‘Download’ button that appears at the bottom right.
When you’ve chosen a video, tap the red button, choose your settings and you’re ready to start (Image credit: Devian Studio)
3. Download the video
The next thing you’ll see is a list of formats. You’ll see video and audio formats and different quality and resolution options for each. If you have a high-end device then by all means download the highest possible quality versions, but remember that the higher the resolution the bigger the file: if your phone or tablet doesn’t have much free space, YouTube videos will soon fill it up.
When you’re happy, tap the red ‘Download’ button again. The video will download in the background, so you can keep using your phone as normal – though downloading videos uses a lot of juice and might make your batter run down faster.
You can also add YouTube videos to a queue to download later. This handy if you’re currently using 4G and want to wait until you have Wi-Fi before downloading any large files.
DOWNLOAD YOUTUBE VIDEOS TO AN IPHONE
The process of downloading YouTube clips is very slightly different depending on which Apple OS you’re on. If you’re using iOS on an iPhone, iPad or iPod touch then you’ll need our first method, and if you’re using OS X or MacOS on a Mac you’ll need the second.
On iOS, the trick is to install a clever little app called Documents. It’s a file manager, but it also happens to be able to download YouTube clips too. The process is a little fiddly but still straightforward.
First of all, find the clip you want to download in the YouTube app for iOS or in Safari. Once you’ve found it, tap the ‘Share’ icon and then ‘Copy Link’.
To download a YouTube video to an iPhone, copy the link from the YouTube app, then use savefrom.net and Documents to save it to your device (Image credit: Readdle Inc)
Open Documents and look for its web browser icon, which is the little compass at the bottom right of the display. Tap on that and go to savefrom.net. Paste the address of the YouTube clip in the big input box, choose the quality options you prefer and the file will start to download.
When it’s finished it’ll appear in Documents’ downloads section, from which you can drag it over ‘Photos > Camera Roll’ so it’s available from outside the Documents5 app.
Follow the directions below to perform a factory reset in Windows 10, and (hopefully) get your computer running smoothly again.
Open Settings
Click the Start Menu and select the gear icon in the lower left to open up the Settings window. You can also select the Settings app from the app list. Under Settings, click Update & Security to continue.
Choose Recovery Options
Click the Recovery tab and select Get started under Reset this PC. If you’re looking to recover your instance of Windows 10 from an external source, you may want to look into a Recovery Drive.
Save or Remove Files
At this point, you have two options. You can either choose to keep your personal files and only remove downloaded apps and settings, or you can wipe everything and start from scratch. Each choice will also give you an additional setting to change.
If you choose Keep my files, apps and settings will default to what they were when the PC was brand new. This setting can be turned off by clicking the Change settings link and switching it off. If you choose Remove everything, there’s also a way to remove your personal files while saving apps and settings. Click the Change settings link and toggle the Data erasure option to on.
If you’re looking to get rid of your PC, Windows 10 recommends that you wipe the drive completely, making it much harder to recover lost files.
Reset Your Computer
Once you decide what should be removed from the computer, hit Next and Windows will tell you what will be deleted before you make a final decision. If you selected Keep my files, you can look at a list of apps that will be removed with the reset.
Finally, click Reset to actually commit. Your computer will restart, and after several minutes, it will boot back up again. When you return to Windows 10, you’ll see that whatever you selected to be removed has been wiped from the machine. If you backed up your files, they can now be restored to the machine.
Reset Your Computer
Finally, click “Reset” in order to make the reset final. Your computer will restart, and after several minutes, it will boot back up again. When you return to Windows 10, you’ll see that whatever you selected to be removed has been wiped from the machine.
Reported side effects to COVID-19 vaccines have mostly been mild to moderate and short-lasting. They include:
fever
fatigue
headache
muscle pain
chills
diarrhoea
pain at the injection site
The chances of any of these side effects following vaccination differ according to the specific COVID-19 vaccine.
More serious or long-lasting side effects to vaccines are possible but extremely rare. Vaccines are continually monitored to detect rare adverse events.
A web designer is a graphic artist who is responsible for designing the layout, usability, and visual appearance of a website. A successful web designer must possess an array of creative, graphic, and technical skills.
A web developer is someone who builds and maintains the core structure of a website.
জিনসের প্যান্টের সামনের পকেটের ওপরে আরও একটি ছোট্ট পকেট বা পাঁচ নম্বর পকেট থাকার একাধিক কারণের কথা জানা যাচ্ছে। তবে ঘড়ি রাখার পকেটে হিসেবে এর ব্যবহারের কথাটাই সবচেয়ে বেশি স্বীকৃত।
মতগুলি
জিনসের প্রথম প্রচলন হয় আমেরিকান কাউবয়দের মধ্যে। বেশ শক্তপোক্ত ও টেঁকসই পোশাক হিসেবে তাঁদের মধ্যে জিনসের কদর ছিল খুব বেশি। ১৮০০ সালের দিকে এই কাউবয়েরা তাঁদের ঘড়ি চেন দিয়ে বেঁধে ওয়েস্টকোটের মধ্যে রাখতেন। তবে সেখানে ঘড়ি ভেঙে যাওয়ার ঝুঁকি থাকতো বলে জিনসের প্যান্ট নির্মাতা লিভাইস ১৮৭৯ সালে প্রথমবারের মতো ঘড়ি রাখার পকেট হিসেবে এই পকেটের প্রচলন করে। তার আগে জিনসে চারটি পকেটই থাকতো। তবে এই পকেট প্রবর্তনের সময়কার জিনসে সামনে ছোট পকেট-সহ তিনটি পকেট ও পেছনে একটি পকেট ছিল
১৮৮২ সালের একটি ছবি
অনেকে মনে করেন, এই পকেটে সোনার খণ্ডাংশ রাখার জন্য ব্যবহৃত হত
কারও কারও মতে এটি টিকিট রাখার পকেট। অনেক প্যান্টের পকেটের ভেতর দিকে একই কারণে এমন একটি ছোট পকেট রাখা থাকে
১৯৭৪ সালের জিনস
আজকের দিনে একে নাকি ‘কনডম পকেট’ বলা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য, বুঝতেই পারছেন
একসময় ফোব পকেট (ট্যাঁক ঘড়ি রাখার পকেট) হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হলেও বর্তমানে এটি নাকি ‘কয়েন পকেট’ নামে পরিচিত
প্রথম নির্মাতা যা বলছে
Levi Strauss & Co website- এ এমনটাই বলা হয়েছে, ‘Originally included as protection for pocket watches, thus the name, this extra pouch has served many functions, evident in its many titles: frontier pocket, condom pocket, coin pocket, match pocket and ticket pocket, to name a few.’
তবে কিছু কিছু গ্যালারী অ্যাপ আছে যাদের ইন-বিল্ট রিসাইকেল বিন থাকে। আপনার ফোনে আছে কিনা দেখুন।
গুগল ফটোস ব্যবহার করে সবসময় ব্যাকআপ রাখুন ভবিষ্যতে।
গুগোল প্লে স্টোর থেকে এক নম্বরে থাকা অ্যাপটি যেটার নাম হচ্ছে “ফটো রিকভারি” অ্যাপ। এটা ইন্সটল করে রিকভার করে দেখুন আপনার ডিলিট হয়ে যাওয়া সমস্ত ছবি আপনি ফিরে পাবেন।
Have a read of the below list and we are sure you will find a lot of helpful tips to improve your English!
Don’t be afraid to make mistakes. Be confident. People can only correct your mistakes when they hear you make them.
Surround yourself in English. Put yourself in an all English speaking environment where you can learn passively. The best way to learn is through speaking.
Practise every day. Make yourself a study plan. Decide how much time a week you are going to spend studying and stick to it. Establish a routine.
Tell your family and friends about your study plan. Get them to push you to study and also don’t let them interrupt you.
Practise the 4 core skills: reading, writing, speaking and listening. They all need to be worked on for you to improve.
Keep a notebook of new words you learn. Use them in sentences and try to say them at least 3 times when you speak.
Do a lesson at least once a day.
Memorisation of lists is one of the most common ways of learning vocabulary for a test. It’s only a good exercise for short term studying because you often do not retain the information that you have learned for a test.
Use your body clock. If you’re not a morning person, study in the afternoon.
You will find words easier to remember if you try to remember an example sentence using that word rather the word on its own.
Plan to take a test. You’ll find that you work harder when you need to study for something.
Saying that, it’s better not to study just to take a test. Think of the bigger picture. What can you do when you have a good command of English? How will the quality of your life improve?
Give yourself a long term goal. Focus on working towards it.
Give yourself short term goals too and reward yourself when you achieve each one.
Create an atmosphere in which you want to learn, not because you have to. You’ll learn more when you’re learning because you want to.
Know what works best for you. Think about what methods have been successful for you in the past and stick with them.
Figure out how you learn. It can be by memorising, reading, speaking, summarising or other methods. Find out how you study best. It can be in a quiet place by yourself or with a group.
Get help! If you don’t understand something you’ve got to ask someone. Ask your teacher, classmates or friends for help.
Review and review and review! Make sure that you take the time to review things you have studied in the past.
It’s not a good idea to study on your own for more than 30 minutes at a time. Take regular breaks, get some fresh air and stretch your legs.
Don’t be in such a hurry to move up a level. Concentrate on the level you are at now.
Watch DVDs rather than TV. It’s better to use something that you can watch over again to catch information you might have missed the first time.
Watching TV only gives you the chance to hear something correctly first time. This is better for high level students. It can be great practice for speaking to native English speakers so you don’t have to ask them to repeat themselves!
Read graded readers. These books are especially written for your level. Read a whole novel. You can do it! You’ll feel great afterwards.
Children’s books have easier words and are a good alternative to graded readers.
Newspapers are a good place to find passive constructs. Read through an article and see if you can find the passive sentences.
Read for the general meaning first. Don’t worry about understanding every word, then go back and look up new words.
For a word you don’t understand in a sentence, look at the other words around it. They will give you a hint. Try to guess the meaning from the context.
Learn root words. They’ll help you guess the meaning of words. For example: scrib = write, min = small
When you learn a new word, think of all its other forms: Beautiful (adjective),beauty (noun), beautifully (adverb).
Learn prefixes (dis-, un-, re-) and suffixes (-ly, -ment, -ful), these will help you to figure out the meaning of words and build your vocabulary.
English, unlike Japanese or French, uses word stress. For new words, count the syllables and find where the stress is. Only one stress per word and always on a vowel. Two syllable verbs have a stress on the second syllable (beGIN). 2 syllable nouns (TEAcher) and adjectives (HAPpy) stress the first.
Use English whenever you can. It’s as simple as that!
Don’t translate into English from your own language. Think in English to improve your fluency. Talk to yourself…but not on the bus otherwise people will think you have gone crazy!
You can’t learn English from a book. Like driving a car, you can only learn through doing it.
The most natural way to learn grammar is through talking.
Keep an English diary or journal. Start by writing a few sentences a day and then get into the habit of writing more.
Why not start an online blog and share your writings with the world?
To become a better writer brainstorm as many ideas and thoughts onto paper without worrying about grammar or spelling. Then think about the structure. After that, write your piece using good grammar and spelling. Finally, read it through or give it to someone else to check for mistakes.
Keep an eye on your punctuation as it can totally change what you’re trying to say. Check out the difference in meaning between these two sentences: “A woman without her man is nothing” and “A woman: without her, man is nothing”.
Sing your heart out! Show the world your beautiful voice! Learn English songs and sing along with them to improve fluency and intonation… anyone for Karaoke?
Get a penfriend or use chat-rooms, forums and community sites. If you can’t speak to someone in English, this is the next best thing.
Shadow English CDs. Listen to a few sentences then repeat what you heard. Focus on the rhythm and intonation.
Have English radio on in your house. Even if you are not actively listening to it, you will still be training your ears.
Mirror CDs. Read out loud along with a CD. Again, this is great for intonation, pronunciation and rhythm.
Dictation. Listen to a CD or friend and write down what you hear.
Nobody likes to hear their own voice, but be brave and try it! Record your voice and listen to your pronunciation and intonation. It will help you to identify your problem areas.
Ask your helpful teacher if you can record his lesson. This is a great way to review. You can also listen to your teachers speaking speed and intonation.
Use an English/English dictionary as it will help you to keep thinking in English and not translating.
If an English/English dictionary seems scary, there are learner’s dictionaries for English students of your level.
Don’t become too reliant on your dictionary. Your dictionary should be an aid, not your main teacher. Try to guess the meaning of words rather than going straight for your dictionary.
Don’t give up! Stay positive! Sometimes you will feel that you aren’t learning quickly enough. Everyone feels like this, don’t worry about it. You’ll get there in the end.
Enjoy it! We learn more when we are having fun!
If you get nervous when speaking, take two deep breaths before you say something. You’ll speak better when you feel relaxed.
Keep yourself motivated by looking back at the textbooks and CDs you used in the past. You’ll be surprised at how easy they seem to you now! Congratulations, your level is improving!
You are never too young or too old to start learning English. Don’t make excuses not to learn. What are you waiting for?
Procrastination can stop you from being successful. To stop procrastinating, it’s important you understand if your procrastinating is to avoid studying, or if it is your bad habit.
If you haven’t gotten the results you wanted yet, it’s not because you’re bad at languages, it’s because you haven’t found your own special way of learning yet.
Use resources which match your level. Don’t use texts/listening exercises which are too difficult or too easy. Use materials which challenge you but don’t frustrate you.
Don’t worry about making your accent perfect. It’s an important part of your cultural identity to keep your accent. Native English speakers enjoy hearing English spoken with an accent.
There are many types of English: British, American, South African and so on. None of these are wrong or not as important. English is English.
Instead, be aware of the differences in American and British English and use your words accordingly. For example: Elevator (US) / Lift (British).
Carry cue cards with you. These are small cards which you can write new words on. You can pull them out and look at them whenever you a free minute.
Use post-it notes and stick them around your home. You can use them to label things. Stick one on your pet dog!
You can’t ignore phrasal verbs (two words verbs), there are hundreds of them in English and they’re widely used. The more you focus on their meaning, the more you’ll be able to guess the meaning of new ones. You’ll start to recognise their patterns.
Use your intuition. Go with your gut feeling, you’ll be surprised how often your first guess is the right guess. Like we said before, be confident.
Gather your thoughts. Take a second to think about what you’re going to say. You know the grammar, but maybe you don’t use it correctly when you speak.
Meet new people. Make the effort to mix with English speakers in your town. You could join a club or go to bars where foreigners hang out. Buy one a drink, they love that!
Be the person to start conversations in English. Try to keep the conversations moving and use listening words (‘really?’ / ‘go on…’/ ‘what happened then?’) Don’t wait for others to speak to you. Get in there!
Debate. Discuss topics in a group. Each person should choose a viewpoint (even if you don’t agree with it) and debate it within the group. Make sure you get your point across. Learn to listen actively. Active listening will help in the classroom and it will help you get more out of, and contribute more to, group study sessions. Focus on the person who is talking. Concentrate on the speaker with your ears and eyes.
It’s not enough to only learn English words. You can teach a parrot English words but that doesn’t mean it can speak English! You still need to have an understanding of grammar.
Verb tenses are used by English speakers to talk about the timing of actions. You might not have the same expressions in your own language. It’s important that you know these tenses and when to use them.
English has many irregular verbs. You should drill yourself on them.
Keep it up! If you take a break from speaking English, you will find that your level decreases and all your hard work has been wasted.
Don’t be put off by a bad test score. Sometimes students have the ability to pass an English test, but can’t communicate well with English speakers. If you can speak freely in English, you should be proud of yourself.
Remember that as long as you have tried your hardest, you have succeeded!
Learn English with a friend. You’ll have someone you can practice with and you can motivate each other to study.
Remember, the way we write English is not the same as how it’s pronounced. For example ‘Ough’ has over 6 pronunciations. Familiarise yourself the Phonetic Alphabet. It will help you correctly pronounce words in the dictionary.
Get used to the ‘schwa’ sound [É™] — an unstressed and toneless neutral vowel sound. ‘Schwa’ is the most common vowel sound in English. For example, the ‘a‘ inabout and the ‘u‘ in supply.
Keep in mind that it takes longer to improve when our level is high. Usually the fastest progress is made when we are beginners. Don’t think that you’re suddenly not learning anymore, it’s just a less noticeable progress.
Make sure that your English matches the occasion. It’s OK to use slang with friends but not in a business meeting. Decide in which situation it’s appropriate to use the words and phrases you have learned.
Textbook English is often different from the way we casually speak. To learn casual ‘slang’ watch movies.
Idioms can be difficult to memorise, but they are great fun to use and they’ll make your English more colourful.
When talking we usually link words together so that two words can sound like one. Simply put, we link words ending with a consonant sound to words beginning with a vowel sound (consonant > vowel). We link words ending with a vowel sound to words beginning with a vowel sound (vowel > vowel). Practice these to improve your listening and pronunciation.
Think about your strong and weak points. Write down which areas you want to improve on and work on improving them. Of course, don’t ignore your strong points. Congratulate yourself on how well you’ve done!
Unlearn your mistakes. You probably make the same grammar mistakes over and over again. Use English tests results as a study tool. Go over your mistakes and choose one or two that you want to focus on. Use your favourite grammar book to check rules.
Use the correct article (a/an, the). Be aware that there is more to this rule than a/an= non specific, the=specific. For example: A university (not an university because it begins with a consonant sound). An hour (not a hour because the ‘h’ is often silent).
For fluency, try image training. Before you go to that restaurant think through what the waiter is likely to say to you. Think of what phrases you are going to use.
Much communication comes through body language and gesture. These can be different between cultures and countries. For example, the two-fingered “V” for victory symbol is fine palms-out. If you make it with you palm facing toward you, you’ll offend a British person. It means…well, you ask a British person and find out for yourself!
The easiest one — Sleep! You’ll learn more after a good night’s sleep. You’ll be able to concentrate more.
Take an English course in an English speaking country.
If you studying abroad, mix with people from other countries not only people from your own country. It’s not a good idea for you to live in a shared house with people from your own country. Enjoy a more cultural experience by spending time with other nationalities.
Have you thought about getting a job or doing an internship abroad?
Get yourself a qualified teacher. Who wants to learn wrong things?
Nobody can learn all of the English language. No need to worry about trying. A useful shortcut to learning is that in English we have lots of words that have the same pronunciation, but a different spelling and meaning. For example, ‘come here’ has the same pronunciation as, ‘I can hear the birds’. You might find it easier to build vocabulary by knowing the different meanings.
Once you have a basic level of English explore the different ways you can say the same thing. This makes your English more interesting to the listener and it shouldn’t be too difficult for you because you already know the basics. For example, how many ways can we say, ‘Goodbye‘ in English?
When you are on your English course, be prepared for your class. Do your homework as soon as possible and hand it in on time. Review your notes and your last lesson a few minutes before the class. Doing this will refresh your memory and you’ll be warmed up for lesson.
Don’t get distracted in class. Focus on the lesson, don’t stare out of the window. Don’t be late, arrive a few minutes before the start of the lesson. Don’t sit next to people who won’t speak to you in English. Switch off your phone. Be organised, remember to take your textbook, notebook and pen.
Find a comfortable, peaceful place for quiet study. You need somewhere where you can focus 100%.
Their “official” reason (as shown in the included screenshot from Apple.com) for not including a charger block (or earbuds) is environmental. It allows them to reduce the size of the box the phone comes in, thereby allowing more phones to be packed and shipped in one container. This reduces shipping costs. It also results in less material being used to manufacture these smaller boxes. Saving resources. They even tell you on their website to keep your existing charger and earbuds or buy new ones. Also, it’s not just the iPhone 12. ALL previous versions of iPhones will switch to this new reduced packaging without the charger block or earbuds.
Unofficially, in addition to the above cost saving measures, they are saving more money by not including these items for free. This allows them to spend a bit more on the phone production costs but keep it at around the same price as previous models. You may have noticed the other thing that was pushed at the new phone reveal….MagSafe accessories. By eliminating the charger plug (cord is still included) they are hoping it drives more people to buy the MagSafe wireless chargers and other MagSafe accessories.
Given that phone updates and restores have pretty much moved to over the air procedures, and with the improved MagSafe wireless charging, don’t be surprised if the charging port goes the way of the headphone jack soon and is removed completely in an upcoming model.
EDIT: Some people don’t seem to understand what “official” means. This is the reason that they are presenting to the public. It’s meant to show that they are doing something good (in this case reducing carbon footprint through reduced packaging and shipping) to take away from the negative impact on the consumer (need to purchase a previously included item). If you read the entire answer, and my subsequent replies, I clearly get into how this is more than just an “environmental” decision. There are obviously other business/money making reasons that went into this choice.
